Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disease that causes symptoms of ocular pain, discomfort, and decreased visual acuity. It significantly affects quality of life of patients. It is more prevalent in the females and is being specifically in the menopausal and postmenopausal age group. This is believed to be due to the changes in balance of sex hormones. Sex hormones – estrogens and androgens – influence production of all components of the tear film including aqueous layer, lipid, and mucin. Various mechanisms such as decrease in hormonal levels, shift in feedback mechanisms, and changes in receptor receptivity interplay to alter the ocular surface homeostasis and subsequently result in DED. Several studies have suggested potential role of hormone replacement therapy in menopause-associated dry eye symptoms. The purpose of this review is to help the non ophthalmic physicians about DED encountered commonly in menopausal age group. It is important for primary care physicians to understand DED due to its high prevalence, often debilitating symptoms and the potentially preventable and treatable nature of the condition.

Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by ivory-white plaques or patches with glistening surface commonly affecting the vulva and anus. Common symptoms are irritation, soreness, dyspareunia, dysuria, and urinary or fecal incontinence. Anogenital lichen sclerosus (LS) is characterized by porcelain-white atrophic plaques, which may become confluent extending around the vulval and perianal skin in a figure of eight configuration. Thinning and shrinkage of the genital area make coitus, urination, and defecation painful. LS is not uncommon in India and present as an itchy vulvar dermatosis which a gynecologist may mistake for candidal vulvovaginitis. There is often a delay in diagnosis of VLS due to its asymptomatic nature and lack of awareness in patients as well as physicians. Embarrassment of patients due to private nature of the disease and failure to examine the genital skin properly are the other reasons for delay in diagnosis. There is no curative treatment for LS. Various medications available only relieve the symptoms. Chronic nature of the disease affects the quality of life. Proper and regular follow-up is required as there are chances of the development of squamous cell carcinoma.

Introduction: In Belgium, an effective preventive program for breast cancer exists but as in many countries to few women participates in the screening. This study aims to describe the factors that affect the participation in the national breast cancer screening program. Methods: The participants were aged between 50 and 69 years and were recruited during an exhibition at the Brussels Exhibition Centre. Medical history and health-related parameters of the participants were recorded. Results: In total, 350 women aged between 50 and 69 years participated. After adjustment for age and region, 81.5% of the participants had a mammography during the past 2 years. The multivariate analysis confirms the association between not having had a mammography and (a) having an older age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.25–0.87), (b) having diabetes (OR: 0.08–0.80), (c) having a family history of coronary heart disease (OR: 0.16–0.80), (d) not following a cholesterol diet or treatment (OR: 0.10–0.91) and (e) having a higher body mass index (OR: 0.39–0.97). Having had a mammogram was associated with adherence to cervical smear screening (OR: 2.74–11.21). Conclusions: Most of these associations are most likely related to socioeconomic status. However, the relationship with diabetes offers opportunities to increase the participation in breast cancer screening programs because these patients have regular contacts with their family physicians.

Background: Hormonal fluctuations during menopause lead to endocrine changes in women, especially in their sex steroid hormone production. Studies have documented the role of estrogen and progesterone (Pg) on autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Lichen planus (LP), an autoimmune disorder, seen frequently in perimenopausal women, may also get affected by sex steroid hormones, but no direct relationship has been established yet. Aim: The aim of this study is to find the incidence of oral LP (OLP) in perimenopausal women and evaluate the factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 1 year. All the perimenopausal women (44.69 ± 3.79 years) who came to the dental outpatient department were evaluated for the presence of LP and various factors associated with it. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 questionnaire was used for psychometric evaluation of perimenopausal women. Results: According to our study, incidence of LP in postmenopausal women was 10.91%, which is higher than incidence of LP in general population, i.e., 0.5% to 2.0%. Incidence of LP increased with the severity of depression in perimenopausal women (P = 0.000). Conclusion: The incidence of OLP is higher in perimenopausal women than in general population and increases significantly with increase in the severity of depression. LP in perimenopausal women can be mediated by declined level of estrogen and Pg directly or indirectly through causing depression that can trigger LP.

Objective: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the factors affecting quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer patients. Methods: We collected data from 60 patients of carcinoma breast post modified radical mastectomy on radiotherapy in a tertiary care hospital. We included volunteered patients with a signed informed consent and at least 70 Karnofsky Performance Scale points. The data was gathered by interview technique using EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 (Breast Cancer Module). Results: The mean age at presentation was 47.6 years (range 30-75 years).75% patients were of low socio-economic status and 63.3% belonged to rural areas. Younger Women in the age group of 30-39 years had faired worst on physical, social and emotional scores as compared to older women in the age group of 70-79 years. Other factors which affected Quality of Life of patients during treatment were stage of disease at presentation, performance score of the patients, socioeconomic status of disease at follow up. Conclusion: Age, Education status, Performance Score, Stage of disease at presentation and status of disease at last follow up are few factors which significantly affects QOL in Carcinoma breast patients though the treatment remains same. Advanced studies on individual quality of life factors affecting cancer would empower physicians for better personal care techniques and patients for easily overcoming the disease.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, and it can be detected at an early stage through self-examination which increases the chance of survival. This study aimed to assess knowledge and practice of breast self-examination (BSE) among females in a rural area of Trichy district. Methodology: This community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out among a total sample of 200 women in rural area of Trichy. The participants were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire to obtain information on their sociodemographic characteristics, awareness on breast cancer, and knowledge, attitude, practice of BSE. Data were entered into MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Spearman correlation and Chi-square test were used to analyze the association between the variables. Results: The mean age of the study group was 36.9 ± 8.8 years. Eighty percent were literates. Most of the women 178 (89%) were aware of breast cancer. Only 26% of the women were aware of BSE. Only 18% of the females had ever checked their breast and 5% practiced it regularly. Awareness of BSE was found to be significantly associated with age and educational attainment. Conclusion: The level of knowledge and practice of BSE among females are unacceptably low. Efforts should be made to increase level of knowledge and practice of BSE through health education programs.

Brenner tumor is a rare ovarian neoplasm that is seen in women of the fifth to sixth decade. Classified as benign, borderline, and malignant, these tumors may be associated with estrogen production, thus altering the estrogen–progesterone ratio. High estrogen stimulates the endometrium and this is responsible for producing various pathologies, namely, hyperplasia, atypia, and carcinoma. Very few case reports have been published highlighting the same. A case report is being presented here of a coexisting Brenner tumor and well-differentiated endometrial carcinoma in a 55-year-old nulliparous postmenopausal woman.

Office hysteroscopy is now a common procedure performed to look at the endometrial cavity and is relatively free of serious complications. A 68-year-old lady, previously fit and well, presented with abdominal pain, rigors, sweats, and vomiting within 24 h of an outpatient hysteroscopy for postmenopausal bleeding. She was diagnosed with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) due to Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. She was managed in the Intensive Care Unit, with inotropic and antibiotic support. She recovered eventually and was discharged home with oral antibiotics. Toxic shock syndrome due to Streptococci is an unusual occurrence, whose incidence has been slowly increasing over the years. However, this appears to be the first case of STSS manifesting within 24 h following an outpatient hysteroscopy.

Uterine adenofibroma is an extremely rare benign mixed mullerian tumor, most often presenting as vaginal mass with pain and abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal females. Nonpuerperal uterine inversion is also an uncommon entity. We present a rare case of nonpuerperal uterine inversion due to a uterine adenofibroma. A 56-year-old postmenopausal female presented to us with bleeding and discharge per vaginum. Examination showed a polyp. Due to associated comorbidities, polypectomy was chosen as management modality failing which laparotomy was done, and the uterus was found to be inverted through the cervix, hysterectomy was done. Histopathological evaluation showed uterine adenofibroma. This is the first case of inversion reported due to uterine adenofibroma.

Virilizing ovarian dermoid cysts are very rare. The source of androgen in these cysts may be tumors such as Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor or Leydig cell hyperplasia. A 52-year-old postmenopausal female with virilization was found to have an ovarian dermoid cyst on ultrasound. Her serum testosterone levels were elevated. Leydig cell hyperplasia within the dermoid cyst was found to be the source of androgen in this patient.