Bladder outlet obstruction in females remains a poorly understood condition and is much rarer as compared to males. More difficult is the objective diagnosis of this condition. There is no general agreement on the Urodynamic parameters to define the condition with certainty. A number of conditions are involved particularly in urinary retention in females are not completely understood. Besides, external sphincter dysfunction and post surgical retentions add another group of conditions which are distinct from retentions seen in the males. This article takes a review of various aetiological factors of Bladder outlet obstruction in women. An attempt is made to standardise the Urodynamic parameters for use in females, based on our data and experimentation on the models of the bladder and urethra. This article also takes a review of uncommon conditions such as Fowler's syndrome which often complicate evaluation of this condition.

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Urogenital infections are one of the most common causes for a woman to visit a gynecologist or a urologist. The well-known association between abnormal vaginal microbial flora and its formidable risk in the increased incidence of urinary tract infection underscores the importance of understanding the microbial flora and the efforts needed to maintain it, for ensuring urogenital health. Surprisingly in spite of the increased incidence urogenital infections receive very less attention from the medical fraternity. Growing awareness among people and newer advances in the medical field has brought them into the limelight. The importance of replenishing these depleting commensals with 'probiotics' has resurfaced in a big way. As the days go by science and medicines will touch new milestones, which will include probiotics. The value of a probiotics cannot be taken at face value. Probiotics must not be considered a panacea for treating urogenital infections. However, the available data promises that it will be a strong option in improving and maintaining urogenital health.

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Brenner tumor is a rare ovarian tumor that is a part of the surface epithelial group of ovarian neoplasm. It is usually asymptomatic and most of the times it is an incidental pathological finding. Here we present a case of benign Brenner tumor of ovary treated surgically.

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Introduction: The World Health Organization has declared India as the "diabetic capital" of the world. In controlling of such chronic, mostly asymptomatic disease, patients' role can't be overemphasized. Aims : To assess the level of compliance to anti-diabetic therapies and to ascertain the determinants of non-compliance, if any. Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional observational study was conducted for 3 months in a diabetic clinic of R G Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata. Data were collected by interviewing the patients, examining their prescriptions and laboratory reports and anthropometry after obtaining informed consent. Results : Blood report at the point of data collection revealed controlled glucose homeostasis in 38.93% patients but evaluation of past 3 months report showed only 24.3% had control over hyperglycemia. Glycemic control was seen to be positively related to short duration of disease, compliance to therapies, and high knowledge about diabetes. Compliance to therapies found in 32.22% of study subjects was in turn associated with short duration of disease. House-wives showed poor compliance; insulin treatment with or without oral-anti-diabetic agent showed better compliance. Knowledge of diabetes was significantly high among higher educated; poor among women, house-wives, and rural people. Conclusion : Patient-providers collaboration is to be developed through a patient-centered care model based on the mutual responsibility of both so that each patient is considered in the mesh of his/her other goals of life and helped to promote empowerment to take informed decision for behavioral change conducive to control the disease.

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Background: Business executives' lives have become a never-ending race against time, technology, and targets. This race creates tension, which leads to dissatisfaction and frustration and eventually manifests itself as psychological and physiological stress with mental and emotional drain. This modern lifestyle intensifies the stress leading to "excessive tension" and consequent deterioration in "executive efficiency." Objective: To assess emotional intelligent quotient (EQ) in managers undergoing yoga-based Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program. Materials and Methods: 72 managers participated in this study which is of "single group pre-post design." The EQ test developed by Prof N. K. Chadha from University of Delhi was administered as pre and post the 5 days of SMET program. Statistical Analysis: Means, standard deviations, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze the data. Results: The data analysis showed 72.02% significant increase (P<0.001) in EQ. Conclusion: The results suggest that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in EQ and may have implications for "executive efficiency."

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Mouth is the mirror of overall health. With advancements in oral health promotion and preventive measures instituted in developed countries, more people retain their natural teeth into their old age as compared to half a century ago. The effect of aging on oral health includes effect on oral mucosa, lips, teeth and other associated structures, and their functional activity leading to impairment of speech, mastication, swallowing and pain leading to anxiety and depression. Oral tissues are not limited to the teeth and supporting structures (periodontium) but also include salivary glands, temporomandibular joint, orofacial/mastication muscles, oropharyngeal mucosa, and oral sensory/motor nerve systems. In India, the second most populous country in the world, there is a rapidly growing population of older adults and there are 70 million elderly people over 60 years of age. Geriatric health problems with respect to the quality of life often remain neglected. Oral health care for an increasingly large segment of elderly people will be a fact of life for dentists everywhere. Oral health can be both a benchmark for and a determinant of the quality of life rather than the length of life span. Older adults are more susceptible to oral conditions or diseases due to an increase in chronic conditions and physical/mental disabilities. Thus, a careful initial interview ensuring that the dentist is familiar with the patient's health history, followed by a thorough oral examination plays a very important role. In this paper, we briefly review the age-related oral changes occurring in geriatric patients and the role of oral physician in imparting a healthy life to the elderly.

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Objective: To perform hysteroscopy the cervix needs to be dilated and in nullipara and postmenopausal women this is sometimes difficult. Well-known, entry-related complications during hysteroscopy include cervical tear, creation of false tract, bleeding, uterine perforation, scarring, and subsequent anatomical stenosis. Materials and Methods: This study was done to investigate the priming effect of vaginal misoprostol on cervical dilatation in postmenopausal women, before hysteroscopy, to prevent such complications. Two hundred micrograms of misoprostol was inserted into the vagina at least 12 hours before the procedure and the control group did not receive any cervical priming agent. Pre-procedural dilatation, additional dilatation required, and time taken for dilatation was noted in each case. Observations: The study showed a significant difference between the study group (7.7 ± 1.7 mm) and the control group (4.5 ± 1.8 mm) in terms of pre-procedural cervical width and the number of women requiring a dditional dilatation (7 / 25 versus 22 / 25), and hence, the time required for dilatation (4.7 ± 8 seconds versus 20.6 ± 9.3 seconds). Conclusion: The pre-procedural cervical width was significantly more in the study group as compared to that in the control group. We found significant differences between the study and control groups with respect to the number of women who required cervical dilatation. To conclude, this study helps derive a conclusion that vaginal misoprostol as a cervical priming agent in postmenopausal women appears to be safe, effective, and inexpensive, with mild side effects.

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Leiomyomas are common benign tumors in the uterus. However, vaginal leiomyomas remain an uncommon entity with only about 300 reported cases. Here, we report a case of a 38-year-old multigravida who presented with lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. A physical examination and ultrasonography were performed, and a diagnosis of cervical fibroid was made. Pervaginal removal of the tumor was performed and subsequent histopathology revealed a vaginal leiomyoma. Although a rare tumor, vaginal leiomyomas may present with a variety of clinical features and may be mistaken preoperatively for cervical fibroid. Removal of tumor by vaginal route, wherever possible, with subsequent histopathological examination appears to be the optimum management plan.

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In developing countries most of the fistulas occur as a catastrophic complication of obstructed labor in young women. Constant dribbling, wetness, and stink lead to social outcasting of patients of vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) making their life miserable. In most of the cases, timely surgery taking all required precautions is successful. In small number of cases, fistula is irreparable. Under such circumstances urinary diversion helps. Very few cases are reported in literature, where patients have endured fistula for more than 40 years. A case report of a patient of VVF, who suffered for 45 years without seeking any treatment because of prevailing circumstances is presented here. The fistula was irreparable. Urinary diversion was the only option available. She was successfully managed by urinary diversion with an ileal conduit. Now patient is leading a contented life.

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